Risks and Recovery

Reduction mammaplasty (breast reduction surgery) is a surgical procedure that removes breast tissue, fat, and skin. The remaining tissue is reshaped and repositioned, and the nipple–areolar complex is usually elevated to a higher position on the chest. The aim is to reduce breast volume and weight and to reshape the breast, but outcomes differ between individuals.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, reduction mammaplasty carries risks, despite the highest standards of practice. It is not possible to outline every potential side effect or rare complication. However, it is important to be aware of both the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications so that you can carefully weigh the potential benefits, limitations, and risks of surgery.

Some risks relate to surgery in general, and others are specific to breast reduction. Additional factors such as smoking, obesity, and pre-existing medical conditions may increase the likelihood of complications. The risks most relevant to your personal circumstances will be discussed in detail during consultation.

General surgical risks include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding at the surgical site, which may rarely require transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or additional surgical treatment.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (collection of blood beneath the skin) that may need surgical drainage.
• Blood clots (deep vein thrombosis in the legs or pulmonary embolism in the lungs), which can be life-threatening.
• Cardiac or pulmonary complications such as heart attack or stroke, though uncommon.
• Anaesthetic-related risks such as nausea, sore throat, or rarely more serious complications.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies with individual healing and genetic factors. The final appearance cannot be predicted or guaranteed.
• Delayed wound healing, especially in areas under tension or with reduced circulation.
• Risks related to medications or supplements you may be taking, which will be reviewed pre-operatively.

Risks specific to reduction mammaplasty include (but are not limited to):

• Asymmetry of breasts or nipples.
• Changes in nipple or breast skin sensation, including numbness or hypersensitivity (temporary or permanent).
• Loss of nipple or skin tissue due to compromised circulation (rare but significant).
• Nipple retraction or altered breast contour.
• Stretching or loosening of skin with recurrent drooping over time.
• Wound separation along the incision lines.
• Discoloration, prolonged swelling, or firmness of breast tissue.
• Differences in size or shape compared to expectations.
• Prolonged pain, sensitivity, or discomfort.
• Need for revision surgery to address complications, asymmetry, or scarring.
• Restricted arm or chest movement during early recovery.

Outcomes differ between individuals, and there can be no guarantee that the results of surgery will match expectations. Genetic factors, age, weight changes, pregnancy, and lifestyle may all influence longer-term breast shape.

Further information about risks of breast reduction surgery is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) and the Australasian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).

Recovery

Recovery after reduction mammaplasty varies depending on the extent of surgery, the amount of tissue removed, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time.

Hospital stay

• Most patients remain in hospital for 1–2 nights.
• Surgical drains may be used to reduce fluid build-up and are usually removed within a few days.

Support at home

• You will need someone to drive you home and ideally have another adult stay with you for at least the first 24 hours.

Compression/support bra

• A surgical or compression bra should be worn continuously for 4–6 weeks.
• This provides support, reduces swelling, and helps maintain breast position.

Swelling and bruising

• Peak in the first week and typically improve over 2–3 weeks.
• Mild swelling or firmness can persist for several months.

Pain management

• Discomfort, tightness, and swelling are expected in the early recovery phase.
• A personalised pain relief plan will be provided before discharge and adjusted as needed.

Dressings and follow-up

• Dressings are usually changed or removed at 7–10 days during your first follow-up visit.
• Subsequent reviews monitor healing, scar progression, and breast shape.

Activity

• First 1–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged. Avoid lifting, overhead reaching, or upper-body strain.
• Weeks 3–4: Return to light activities may be possible; continue wearing the support bra.
• Weeks 4–6: Gradual return to more strenuous activity, but heavy lifting and vigorous exercise should only resume once cleared by your surgeon.

Sleep positioning

• Sleeping on your back with your chest slightly elevated is recommended in the first week to reduce tension on healing tissue.

Scars

• Incisions usually follow an anchor or inverted-T pattern (around the areola, vertically down, and along the breast crease).
• Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. Their final appearance depends on genetics, skin type, and healing.

Mastopexy (Breast Lift Surgery)

Mastopexy, or breast lift surgery, is a procedure designed to reposition and reshape the breasts by removing excess skin and tightening the surrounding tissue. The nipple–areolar complex is usually lifted to a higher position. Unlike breast reduction, mastopexy does not primarily aim to reduce breast size, although a small amount of tissue may be removed if required to achieve balance and contour.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, mastopexy carries risks despite being performed under high standards of surgical care. It is not possible to outline every potential complication, but it is important to be informed of both the more common risksand the less common but potentially serious complications.

Your individual risk profile will depend on your medical history, smoking status, weight, and other health factors. These will be discussed in detail during your consultation.

General risks of surgery (apply to most operations):

• Bleeding from the operated site, sometimes requiring transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or, rarely, additional surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (a collection of blood beneath the skin) that may need drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Anaesthetic complications, such as nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) serious cardiac or respiratory events.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies between individuals depending on skin type and genetic healing tendencies.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown, more likely in smokers or in areas under tension.

Risks specific to mastopexy may include:

• Asymmetry in breast size, shape, or nipple position.
• Changes in nipple or breast sensation, including numbness or hypersensitivity (temporary or permanent).
• Loss of nipple, areola, or breast skin tissue if blood supply is compromised (rare but serious).
• Nipple retraction or altered contour.
• Recurrence of breast drooping (ptosis), which may occur with time, pregnancy, or weight changes.
• Discoloration, swelling, or firmness of the breast tissue, which may persist for several weeks.
• Wound separation at incision sites.
• Excessive scarring, including widened, raised, or pigmented scars.
• Differences in size or shape compared with expectations.
• Need for revision surgery to correct contour, scars, or asymmetry.
• Dissatisfaction with outcome, as results vary between individuals.

There can be no guarantee of the exact cosmetic outcome. Final results depend on individual healing, genetics, skin elasticity, weight stability, and life events such as pregnancy.

Further information on risks can be found through the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) and the Australasian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).

Recovery

Recovery after mastopexy varies with the extent of surgery and whether additional procedures (such as augmentation or reduction) are performed at the same time. Healing is gradual and occurs in phases.

Hospital stay

• Most patients remain in hospital for 1–2 nights.
• If combined procedures are performed, admission may be longer.
• Surgical drains are sometimes used and are usually removed before discharge.

Support at home

• It is essential to arrange for transport home and to have another adult available to assist you in the first 24 hours after discharge.

Compression/support bra

• A surgical or compression bra should be worn continuously for 4–6 weeks.
• This supports healing tissues, helps reduce swelling, and maintains breast shape.

Bruising and swelling

• Peak during the first week and usually improve over 2–3 weeks.
• Mild swelling or firmness can persist for several months as tissues heal.

Pain management

• Tightness, swelling, and discomfort are expected in the early recovery period.
• A personalised pain relief plan will be provided and can be adjusted if required.

Dressings and follow-up

• Dressings are typically changed or removed at 7–10 days, during your first follow-up.
• Subsequent appointments monitor wound healing, scar progression, and breast position.

Activity

• First 1–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to support circulation and reduce clot risk. Avoid lifting, overhead reaching, or any upper-body strain.
• Weeks 3–4: Light daily activities may resume as swelling decreases. Continue wearing support garments.
• Weeks 4–6: Gradual reintroduction of activity. Strenuous exercise, lifting, or upper-body work should only be resumed once cleared by your surgeon.

Sleep positioning

• Sleeping on your back, with your chest slightly elevated, is generally recommended for the first week to reduce tension on the breasts.

Scars

• Incisions are most often placed around the areola, vertically down the breast, and along the crease (anchor or inverted-T pattern).
• Scars are permanent and may be visible, but they usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. The final appearance depends on individual healing and skin type.

Augmentation mastopexy combines breast augmentation (increasing breast size with implants) and mastopexy (lifting and reshaping the breasts). This procedure is usually considered in people who wish to both increase breast volume and address breast droop (ptosis).

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, augmentation mastopexy carries risks, despite the highest standards of care. It is not possible to list every possible complication, but it is important to understand both the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications.

Risks may be influenced by general health factors such as smoking, obesity, pre-existing medical conditions, and previous surgery. Your individual risk profile will be discussed during consultation.

General risks of surgery (apply to most operations)

• Bleeding at the operated site, which may rarely require transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or, in severe cases, further surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptic solutions, or medications.
• Haematoma (collection of blood beneath the skin) requiring drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which may be life-threatening.
• Anaesthetic complications, such as nausea, sore throat, or rarely more serious events such as heart attack or stroke.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies with individual healing and genetic factors.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown, particularly in areas under tension.

Implant-related risks (augmentation component)

• Capsular contracture: scar tissue around the implant may tighten, causing firmness, pain, or breast distortion.
• Implant rupture or leakage, which may require replacement surgery.
• Implant malposition, leading to uneven height, shape, or displacement.
• Implant visibility or palpability, particularly in patients with thin tissue.
• Chronic breast or chest pain.
• Infection around the implant, which may require implant removal.
• Seroma (fluid collection) around the implant.
• ALCL (anaplastic large-cell lymphoma): a rare cancer of the capsule tissue, associated mostly with textured implants.
• Implant lifespan: all implants are subject to wear; most require replacement at some stage.
• Calcification or hardening around the implant capsule.
• Impact on breastfeeding: some patients may have difficulty breastfeeding following surgery.

Mastopexy-related risks (lift component)

• Asymmetry of breast size, shape, or nipple position.
• Changes in nipple or breast skin sensation, including numbness or hypersensitivity (temporary or permanent).
• Loss of nipple, areola, or skin tissue due to reduced blood supply (rare but significant).
• Nipple retraction, poor contour, or altered breast shape.
• Recurrent drooping (ptosis) as skin and tissue may stretch again over time, with pregnancy or weight change.
• Excessive firmness of breast tissue.
• Wound separation at incision sites.
• Permanent, visible scarring, which may be raised, widened, or pigmented.
• Unsatisfactory aesthetic result or disappointment, as outcomes vary between individuals.
• Need for revision surgery to address scars, asymmetry, implant position, or contour changes.

Important considerations

• Combination surgery (lift + augmentation) carries higher complexity than either procedure alone. This means there may be a greater likelihood of revision surgery compared to augmentation or mastopexy performed separately.
• Results vary between individuals. Breast shape and position will continue to be influenced by factors such as genetics, age, pregnancy, weight change, and skin elasticity.
• Scars are permanent and typically follow a “lollipop” (around the areola and vertically down the breast) or “anchor” pattern (adding a scar in the breast crease).

Further information about the risks of augmentation mastopexy is available from The Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) has further information about breast lift with implants surgery including the possible risks for this surgery.

Recovery

Recovery after augmentation mastopexy varies depending on the extent of surgery, the use and type of implants, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time. Healing is gradual and differs for each person.

Hospital stay

• Most patients remain in hospital for 1–2 nights.
• Surgical drains may be used to reduce fluid build-up around the implant pocket or incisions; these are usually removed before discharge but may remain for a few days if output is higher.

Support at home

• You will need someone to drive you home and it is recommended that another adult is available to stay with you for at least the first 24 hours after discharge.

Time off work

• A recovery period of 1–2 weeks away from work is commonly advised.
• People in light, desk-based roles may return earlier, while those with physically demanding jobs may need a longer break, often 3–4 weeks.

Activity restrictions

• 0–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to aid circulation and reduce clot risk. Avoid lifting, pushing, pulling, overhead reaching, or activities that raise blood pressure significantly.
• 2–6 weeks: Gradual return to light household activities. No strenuous exercise, swimming, or heavy lifting. Implants can place additional strain on healing tissues, so restrictions are often longer than with mastopexy alone.
• 6–12 weeks: Gradual reintroduction of more vigorous activities, guided by follow-up assessment. Contact sports or high-impact exercise should only resume once cleared by your surgeon.

Supportive garments

• A supportive surgical or compression bra should be worn continuously for 4–6 weeks as directed. This helps reduce swelling, stabilises implant position, and supports the lifted breast tissue.

Bruising, swelling, and firmness

• Bruising and swelling typically peak in the first few days, then improve over 2–3 weeks.
• Mild swelling, firmness, or a feeling of “tightness” across the chest may persist for several months as implants settle and scar tissue matures.

Pain management

• Pain and discomfort are expected, particularly in the first week, and may be slightly greater than mastopexy alone due to the implant pocket.
• A tailored pain relief plan will be provided before discharge and adjusted as needed.

Scars

• Typical incision patterns include around the areola, vertically down the breast, and in the breast crease (anchor or inverted-T pattern).
• Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. Their final appearance depends on skin type, healing response, and genetics.

Follow-up care

• Regular post-operative reviews are required to check healing, manage dressings, review implants, and guide when activity can be safely increased.
• Any concerns such as increasing pain, redness, swelling, fever, or fluid discharge should be promptly assessed.

Breast implant removal surgery involves removing existing breast implants. This may be performed through the original incision sites, or in some cases, through a new incision on the breast. Sometimes the capsule (scar tissue that forms around the implant) is also removed, either partially or fully, depending on the clinical situation.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, breast implant removal carries risks. While it is not possible to list every potential side effect or rare complication, it is important to understand the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications. This information will help you carefully weigh the potential benefits, limitations, and risks of surgery.

Your individual risk will depend on your health, medical history, smoking status, weight, and other factors. These will be discussed in detail during your consultation.

General surgical risks include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding from the operated site, sometimes requiring transfusion or further treatment.
• Infection, which may need antibiotics or additional surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (collection of blood under the skin), which may require surgical drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Anaesthetic complications, such as nausea, vomiting, sore throat, or in rare cases, more serious issues.
• Permanent scarring, which varies between individuals and cannot be guaranteed in appearance.
• Smoking and nicotine products significantly increase the likelihood of complications and delayed healing.
• Other health factors (such as obesity or chronic medical conditions) also increase surgical risk.

Risks specific to breast implant removal may include:

• Implant rupture with residual silicone remaining in the breast or lymph nodes.
• Inability to remove the implant and capsule together (en-bloc removal may not be possible in all cases).
• Incomplete capsule removal, where parts of the scar tissue must be left for safety reasons.
• Changes to breast appearance such as loss of volume, distortion, wrinkling, or contour irregularities.
• Dissatisfaction with aesthetic outcome, as final breast shape is variable and unpredictable.
• Need for revision surgery, either short-term or in the future.
• Nipple sensation changes, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Difficulty breastfeeding.
• Firmness or discomfort due to residual scar tissue.
• Extended recovery time if further procedures are required.
• Rare but serious risks such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, or cardiac/pulmonary complications.

Results vary between individuals. Some symptoms attributed to implants may not improve following removal.

Further information on risks is available from the Australasian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) and the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery after breast implant removal surgery varies depending on the complexity of the procedure and whether additional surgery is performed at the same time.

• Hospital stay: Implant removal may be a day procedure, but many patients stay one night for monitoring. If combined with other procedures (such as a lift or capsule removal), the stay may be longer.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home. It is recommended that another adult stays with you for at least the first night after discharge.
• Time off work: Recovery usually requires up to two weeks away from work, especially for physical roles. Desk-based work may resume earlier.
• Support garments: A supportive surgical bra is worn continuously for 4–6 weeks, helping to reduce swelling, support tissues, and manage discomfort.
• Swelling and bruising: These generally peak in the first few days and settle within about 2 weeks, though mild swelling may persist for longer.
• Activity:
  • Light walking is encouraged from the early recovery phase to aid circulation and reduce clot risk.
  • Strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, or overhead arm use should be avoided for at least 4–6 weeks.
  • Most patients resume unrestricted physical activity after about 6 weeks, depending on follow-up review.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief plan will be provided before discharge and adjusted during recovery if needed.
• Scars: Incisions are usually placed in existing scar lines, though sometimes new incisions are required. Scars are permanent but usually soften and fade over 12–18 months, with final appearance depending on genetics, skin type, and healing.
• Follow-up: Regular review appointments are important to check wound healing, remove any drains, and monitor your recovery.

Breast implant replacement (also called implant exchange) involves removing existing implants and inserting new implants. This may be considered for several reasons, including implant rupture, capsular contracture (hardening), implant malposition, implant age, aesthetic changes, or a patient’s preference for a different size or type of implant. The procedure can be straightforward (implant removal and replacement within the existing pocket) or more complex if capsule modification, pocket repositioning, or lift (mastopexy) is required.

Risks

As with all surgery, breast implant replacement carries risks. While it is not possible to outline every potential complication, it is important that you are informed about the more common risks, as well as less common but potentially significant complications.

Individual risks vary depending on health, medical history, smoking status, implant type and age, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time. These will be discussed in detail at your consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding from the operated site, occasionally requiring a transfusion or return to theatre.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or further surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (blood collection under the skin) that may require drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Pain, swelling, and bruising around the operated area.
• Anaesthetic risks, such as nausea, sore throat, or rare cardiac or respiratory complications.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies between individuals. Final scar appearance cannot be guaranteed.
• Smoking, nicotine products, obesity, or pre-existing medical conditions increase the likelihood of complications.

Risks more specific to implant replacement include (but are not limited to):

• Implant rupture or leakage – removal may not eliminate all silicone (if present) from breast tissue or lymph nodes.
• Incomplete capsule removal – it may not be possible to fully remove the surrounding scar tissue. En-bloc removal (implant and capsule together) is not always possible or necessary.
• Capsular contracture recurrence, even after capsule modification or implant exchange.
• Changes in breast sensation, including numbness or hypersensitivity (temporary or permanent).
• Impact on appearance – such as asymmetry, distortion, wrinkling, rippling, or shape changes. Final aesthetic outcomes may be variable and unpredictable.
• Firmness or altered breast contour due to scar tissue.
• Loss of nipple sensation, or in rare cases, nipple/areola compromise.
• Difficulty breastfeeding (although many patients are still able to breastfeed).
• Disappointment or dissatisfaction with outcome, as results vary between individuals.
• Need for revision surgery – short-term or long-term, for issues such as malposition, rupture, or aesthetic concerns.
• Extended recovery if complications occur or further surgery is required.
• Rare but serious risks include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolus (PE), and cardiac/pulmonary complications.

There can be no guarantee of outcome. Results vary between individuals, influenced by factors such as genetics, skin quality, implant type, surgical technique, and lifestyle.

Further information is available from the Australasian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) and the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery after implant replacement varies depending on the complexity of the surgery (straightforward exchange vs more complex revision) and whether additional procedures (e.g., mastopexy) are performed.

• Hospital stay: Many patients stay overnight for monitoring, especially if capsules are removed or additional surgery is performed. Some may go home the same day for straightforward exchanges.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home. It is recommended that another adult stays with you for at least the first night post-discharge.
• Time off work:
  • Desk-based/light work: usually possible after 1–2 weeks.
  • Physically demanding roles: often require 3–4 weeks.
• Activity restrictions:
  • 0–2 weeks: Gentle walking encouraged. Avoid lifting, overhead reaching, pushing, pulling, or strenuous activity.
  • 2–6 weeks: Gradual return to light activities. Avoid swimming, high-impact exercise, or heavy lifting.
  • 6–12 weeks: Most restrictions lifted; vigorous activity and contact sports only resumed once cleared by your surgeon.
• Support garments: A supportive surgical bra or compression garment is worn continuously for 4–6 weeks, helping to reduce swelling, support healing tissues, and maintain implant position.
• Bruising, swelling, and firmness:
  • Peak in the first few days, usually subsiding over 2–3 weeks.
  • Some tightness or firmness may persist for several months as implants settle and scar tissue matures.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief plan will be provided before you leave hospital, with adjustments made as needed during recovery.
• Scars:
  • Usually placed within pre-existing scars or natural breast folds.
  • Scars are permanent but typically soften and fade over 12–18 months.
  • Final scar appearance depends on skin type, genetics, and healing.
• Follow-up: Regular post-operative reviews are required to monitor healing, review implant positioning, manage dressings, and advise on safe resumption of activities.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Breast asymmetry surgery is performed to improve balance between breasts that differ in size, shape, or position. The approach varies depending on the degree and type of asymmetry. Options may include breast augmentation (implant placement), reduction mammaplasty (breast reduction), mastopexy (breast lift), or a combination of these procedures. In some cases, surgery may be performed on only one breast, while in others both breasts may require surgery for the best possible symmetry.

Risks

As with all surgery, breast asymmetry correction has risks. It is not possible to outline every potential complication, but it is important to be aware of the more common risks, as well as less common but potentially serious complications.

Your individual risk will depend on factors such as your health, medical history, smoking status, skin quality, and the specific surgical approach. Risks specific to you will be discussed during your consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding at the operated site, occasionally requiring transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or further surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (blood clot beneath the skin) that may require drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Anaesthetic-related complications, such as nausea, sore throat, or—rarely—cardiac or respiratory issues.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling around the operated site.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown, particularly in areas under tension.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies between individuals. The final scar appearance cannot be guaranteed.
• Smoking, obesity, and other medical conditions may significantly increase complication risk.

Risks specific to breast asymmetry correction vary depending on the procedure chosen:

• Breast augmentation: implant-related risks such as capsular contracture, implant rupture, rippling, malposition, or the need for replacement in the future.
• Breast reduction (reduction mammaplasty): potential for reduced breast size more than anticipated, changes in nipple sensation, delayed healing, or asymmetry.
• Mastopexy (breast lift): risk of recurrent drooping (ptosis), nipple or skin necrosis (rare), permanent scarring, and asymmetry.
• Combined procedures: when augmentation and lift are combined, the risk of wound healing complications, implant malposition, or dissatisfaction with symmetry may be higher.

Other possible risks include:

• Asymmetry despite correction, as perfect symmetry cannot be guaranteed.
• Changes in breast or nipple sensation, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Inability to breastfeed (possible after reduction, less common with augmentation or lift).
• Need for revision surgery, either short- or long-term, to address asymmetry, implant issues, or scarring.
• Disappointment with cosmetic outcome, as results vary between individuals.

There can be no guarantee of outcome. Results vary depending on factors such as genetics, skin elasticity, healing response, and future weight change or pregnancy.

Further information is available from the Australasian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) and the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery after breast asymmetry surgery depends on the type of procedure performed and whether one or both breasts are operated on.

• Hospital stay: Breast asymmetry surgery can be performed as a day procedure, though many patients stay 1 night in hospital, particularly if more complex procedures are performed.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home, and it is strongly recommended that another adult stays with you for at least the first night after discharge.
• Time off work:
  • Desk-based/light work: usually possible after 1–2 weeks.
  • Physically demanding work: may require 3–4 weeks off.
• Activity restrictions:
  • 0–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to aid circulation. Avoid lifting, overhead reaching, or upper-body strain.
  • 2–6 weeks: Gradual return to light daily activities. No strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, or swimming.
  • 6–12 weeks: More vigorous activities can be gradually resumed once cleared at follow-up.
• Support garments: A supportive surgical or compression bra is worn continuously for 4–6 weeks. This helps control swelling, support healing tissues, and maintain breast position.
• Bruising and swelling:
  • Peak in the first week, usually improving over 2–3 weeks.
  • Mild swelling or firmness may persist for several months.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief plan will be provided before discharge. Pain is usually most noticeable in the first week, then improves steadily.
• Scars:
  • Scar position and length depend on the specific surgery (e.g., around the areola, vertical scar, or along the breast crease).
  • Scars are permanent but generally soften and fade over 12–18 months.
• Follow-up: Dressings are usually changed at 7–10 days, and regular follow-up visits are required to monitor healing and address any concerns.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Breast augmentation (augmentation mammaplasty) is a surgical procedure involving the placement of implants to alter the size, shape, or fullness of the breasts. People may consider this procedure for a variety of reasons, including breast asymmetry, loss of volume after pregnancy or weight loss, or to increase breast volume for personal reasons. The choice of implant type (saline or silicone), size, and surgical approach is individualised and discussed in detail during consultation.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, augmentation mammaplasty carries risks despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible to outline every potential side effect or rare complication, but it is important to understand the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications.

Your individual risks will depend on factors such as your health, medical history, smoking status, skin and tissue quality, and the type of implant used. Risks specific to your situation will be discussed during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding from the operated site, which may require a transfusion or additional surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or further surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (blood clot beneath the skin), sometimes requiring drainage or surgery.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Anaesthesia-related complications, such as nausea, vomiting, sore throat, or (rarely) more serious events including cardiac or respiratory issues.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling around the operated site(s).
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent. The appearance of scars varies by individual and cannot be guaranteed.
• Smoking, obesity, and other medical conditions may significantly increase the likelihood of complications.

Risks specific to breast augmentation include (but are not limited to):

• Implant-related complications:
  • Implant rupture or leakage, requiring replacement.
  • Capsular contracture (scar tissue tightening around the implant, causing firmness or distortion).
  • Malposition or rotation of the implant.
  • Rippling or wrinkling of the implant visible through the skin.
  • Changes over time due to ageing, gravity, pregnancy, or weight changes.
• Infection that may require removal of the implant.
• Chronic pain or discomfort.
• Changes in nipple or breast sensation, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Asymmetry in breast size, shape, or position.
• ALCL (Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma) – a rare lymphoma associated with some textured implants.
• BIA-ALCL monitoring: ASPS and ASAPS note that this risk is rare but important to discuss.
• Possible impact on breastfeeding ability.
• Scarring, which may affect future breast surgery.
• Need for revision surgery – most people with implants will require at least one additional surgery in their lifetime due to implant wear, rupture, or other changes.

There can be no guarantee of outcome, and results vary depending on factors such as individual healing, tissue quality, and lifestyle. Further information is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS)and the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).

Recovery

Recovery after augmentation mammaplasty differs depending on the surgical approach, implant type and placement, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time. Healing is gradual and individual.

• Hospital stay: Most patients go home the same day or after one overnight stay. Surgical drains are not always required, but if used they are typically removed within a few days.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home, and another adult should ideally stay with you for the first 24 hours.
• Time off work:
  • Light or desk-based work: usually possible after 1–2 weeks.
  • Physically demanding roles: may require 3–4 weeks off.
• Activity restrictions:
  • 0–2 weeks: Gentle walking encouraged to support circulation. Avoid heavy lifting, overhead reaching, or strenuous activity. Driving may be delayed if pain affects safe control.
  • 2–4 weeks: Light household tasks and some normal activities can gradually resume. Exercise and lifting remain restricted.
  • 4–6 weeks: Gradual reintroduction of exercise and normal activity.
  • 6+ weeks: Most activities, including exercise, can resume once cleared at follow-up.
• Support garments: A surgical or compression bra is worn continuously for 4–6 weeks. This supports healing, helps stabilise implant position, and reduces swelling.
• Bruising and swelling:
  • Peak in the first few days, improving over 2–3 weeks.
  • Mild swelling or firmness may persist for several months as the implants settle.
• Pain management: A tailored plan will be provided before discharge. Discomfort is usually greatest in the first week, especially with implant placement beneath the chest muscle, and improves steadily.
• Scars: Incision sites may be in the breast crease, around the areola, or in the armpit depending on the approach. Scars are permanent but usually soften and fade over 12–18 months.
• Follow-up: Dressings are typically changed at 7–10 days, with regular reviews to check implant position and healing.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Nipple surgery—sometimes referred to as nipple correction or reshaping—addresses concerns such as enlarged, asymmetrical, protruding, or inverted nipples in both women and men. It may also involve areolar reduction for those with wider or out-of-proportion areolae. Techniques vary depending on the specific concern and whether it is performed alone or with other breast procedures, always tailored to each patient’s goals and anatomy.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, nipple surgery carries risks despite the highest standards of practice. It is not usual for any surgeon to list every possible complication, but it is important you are informed of the more common risks, as well as less common but potentially serious complications.

Individual risk depends on factors such as medical history, smoking status, and general health.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding from the operated site, which may need further surgery or transfusion
• Infection that may require antibiotics or additional procedures
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications
• Haematoma (collection of blood under the skin) requiring drainage
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism)
• Complications from anaesthesia such as nausea, vomiting, sore throat, or rarely, serious events
• Scarring, which is permanent but varies in appearance between individuals
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown

Specific risks of nipple surgery may include (but are not limited to):

• Asymmetry or uneven appearance of nipples after healing
• Changes in nipple or areola sensation, which may be temporary or permanent
• Long-term alterations in nipple contour or projection
• Impact on ability to breastfeed (if ducts are altered)
• Scarring that may be more visible than anticipated
• Pain or sensitivity in the operated area
• Dissatisfaction with the cosmetic outcome, as results vary between individuals
• Need for further surgery to address contour, scarring, or asymmetry

There can be no guarantee of the outcome, and results may differ from person to person due to factors such as healing response, genetics, and lifestyle. Further information is available through the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Nipple surgery is usually performed as a day procedure.

• Dressings: A specialised dressing is placed to protect the nipple and avoid excess pressure. In some cases, ointments may be applied during the first weeks of healing.
• Activity: Gentle walking is encouraged soon after surgery to maintain circulation. However, you will need to avoid direct pressure, heavy lifting, or strenuous activity for at least 6 weeks.
• Bruising and swelling: These are expected in the first few days, typically settling within 1–2 weeks. Some mild swelling or sensitivity can persist longer.
• Scarring: Scars are usually placed around the nipple or at the edge of the areola. They are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months.
• Support at home: You must arrange for someone to drive you home, and it is recommended another adult stays with you on the first night.
• Pain management: A personalised pain relief plan will be given to you before discharge and can be adjusted if required.
• Follow-up: Reviews will be scheduled to check healing, remove dressings if needed, and address any concerns.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Gynaecomastia surgery (male breast reduction) is performed to reduce enlarged breast tissue in men. This may involve surgical excision of glandular tissue, liposuction of fatty tissue, or a combination of both, depending on the degree of enlargement and the type of tissue contributing.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, gynaecomastia surgery carries risks, even when performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not usual for any surgeon to outline every possible side effect or rare complication, but it is important that you understand the more common risks and the less common but potentially significant complications so that you can carefully weigh the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Your individual risk may vary depending on your medical history, body weight, smoking status, and other health factors.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding from the operated site, which may rarely require transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or additional surgical treatment.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptic solutions, or medications.
• Haematoma (blood clot under the skin), which may require drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Complications from anaesthesia, such as nausea, vomiting, sore throat, or, rarely, more serious complications.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies between individuals.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown, especially in patients who smoke or have risk factors such as diabetes.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling, which may persist beyond the early weeks of recovery.

Specific risks associated with gynaecomastia surgery may include (but are not limited to):

• Asymmetry of the breasts, chest contour, or nipples.
• Persistent or altered nipple sensation (numbness, tingling, or hypersensitivity), which may be temporary or permanent.
• Nipple or areola distortion (including retraction or contour irregularities).
• Unfavourable scars (raised, wide, pigmented, or visible in certain positions).
• Seroma (fluid accumulation beneath the skin).
• Skin or nipple loss due to compromised circulation (rare, but may require grafting or revision).
• Residual breast tissue or contour irregularity, sometimes necessitating revision surgery.
• Disappointment with the cosmetic result, as outcomes vary between individuals.
• Recurrence of gynaecomastia if underlying causes (such as medications, hormones, or weight changes) are not addressed.
• Prolonged swelling, firmness, or discolouration of the chest.
• Need for further surgery (short- or long-term revision).

There can be no guarantees regarding the results of any surgery. Outcomes differ between individuals due to factors such as healing response, scar formation, lifestyle, and genetics.

Further information on risks is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) and the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).

Recovery

Recovery after gynaecomastia surgery varies depending on the extent of tissue removed, whether liposuction is performed in combination with excision, and individual healing capacity.

• Hospital stay: Surgery can often be performed as a day procedure. Some patients may stay overnight, especially after larger procedures or when drains are used.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home and it is recommended that another adult stay with you during the first night after surgery.
• Dressings and garments: Dressings are applied at the time of surgery. A compression garment is usually required for 2–6 weeks to support the chest, reduce swelling, and improve contour.
• Bruising and swelling: Most bruising and swelling peak within the first week and settle over 2–3 weeks. Mild swelling or firmness may persist for several months.
• Pain management: A personalised pain relief plan is provided before discharge. Pain is generally manageable but can vary with the extent of surgery. Pain that increases unexpectedly should be reviewed.
• Activity:
  • First 1–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to maintain circulation and reduce clot risk. Avoid lifting, pushing, pulling, or strenuous exercise.
  • Weeks 3–4: Light activities can be reintroduced, but chest and arm strain should still be avoided.
  • Weeks 4–6: Gradual return to exercise as tolerated, including cardio.
  • After 6 weeks: Most patients can return to unrestricted activity, including weight training, provided healing is satisfactory and cleared at follow-up.
• Scars: Incisions are typically placed around the areola or in the chest fold to reduce visibility. Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months.
• Follow-up: You will have regular follow-up appointments with Dr Avery and the Avery team to monitor healing, remove dressings, and guide your return to normal activity.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Breast reconstruction surgery is performed after mastectomy or other breast surgery, with the aim of restoring breast shape and contour. The techniques used vary depending on the individual’s health, anatomy, treatment history (such as radiotherapy), and surgical goals. Options may involve implants, tissue expanders, or use of the patient’s own tissue (flap surgery).

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, breast reconstruction carries risks despite the highest standards of practice. It is not possible to outline every potential side effect or rare complication. However, it is important to be aware of both the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications so that you can weigh up the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Factors such as smoking, obesity, diabetes, previous radiotherapy, and other health conditions can increase the risk of complications. Specific risks relevant to you will be discussed during your consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from an operated site, sometimes requiring transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or further surgical treatment.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (a collection of blood under the skin) requiring drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Complications from anaesthesia, such as nausea, sore throat, or in rare cases more serious heart or lung events.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling at the operated site(s).
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies in appearance depending on skin type and healing response.

Specific risks of breast reconstruction surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Infection that may result in loss of the reconstruction.
• Change in breast or skin sensation, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Asymmetry between the reconstructed and opposite breast.
• Implant-related issues such as rupture, leakage, capsular contracture (hardening), displacement, or the need for future removal or replacement.
• Seroma (fluid collection) requiring drainage.
• Calcification of tissue, sometimes causing firmness or pain.
• Skin wrinkling, rippling, or contour irregularities.
• Loss of skin or tissue, particularly in patients with reduced circulation or prior radiotherapy.
• Variation in chest wall contour or breast shape.
• Further surgery required for revision, symmetry, or correction of complications.
• Unsatisfactory cosmetic result or disappointment, as outcomes vary between individuals.
• Persistent pain or discomfort.
• Allergic reactions to tapes, sutures, or topical preparations.
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

There can be no guarantees about the results of any surgery.

Further information about risks is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) and the Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).

Recovery

Recovery following breast reconstruction varies depending on the technique used (implant-based or autologous flap-based) and whether surgery is immediate (performed at the same time as mastectomy) or delayed.

Hospital stay:

• Implant-based reconstruction often requires 1–2 nights in hospital.
• Flap-based reconstruction (e.g., DIEP, TRAM, or latissimus dorsi flap) usually involves several nights in hospital due to the more extensive nature of surgery.

Support at home:

• You will need someone to drive you home and another adult is recommended to stay with you for at least the first night after discharge.

Recovery timeline:

• First 1–2 weeks: Bruising, swelling, and discomfort are expected. Surgical drains, if used, are usually removed within a few days to a week.
• Weeks 2–6: Most swelling and bruising improves. Physical activity should remain limited, with no heavy lifting, strenuous exercise, or overhead arm movements.
• Up to 6 weeks: A supportive compression garment or bra is generally required to help control swelling and support healing.
• 6–12 weeks: Most patients gradually return to normal daily activity, although tiredness and mild swelling may persist.
• 3–6 months: Breast shape continues to settle. Scars may appear red or raised before gradually softening.
• 12–18 months: Final scar appearance is generally apparent, though scars remain permanent.

Pain management:

• A customised pain relief plan is created before discharge. Pain and swelling are usually most significant in the first 1–2 weeks and improve steadily.

Scars:

• Scars vary depending on the surgical approach and whether implants or flaps were used. While scars fade over time, they do not disappear. Radiotherapy may affect scar appearance and healing.

Follow-up:

• Regular review appointments are required to monitor wound healing, scar maturation, and long-term outcomes, including implant monitoring where relevant.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Chest (top) / breast surgery is a reconstructive procedure designed to reduce or remove breast tissue and reshape the chest contour. Techniques vary depending on chest size, the amount of skin and glandular tissue present, and whether nipple–areola repositioning or grafting is required.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, chest (top) / breast surgery carries risks, despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible to outline every potential complication, but it is important to be aware of the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications.

Your individual risks depend on your health, smoking status, weight, and other medical factors. Specific risks relevant to your circumstances will be discussed during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding from the operated site, sometimes requiring transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may need antibiotic treatment or additional surgery.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (collection of blood beneath the skin), which may require surgical drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Complications related to anaesthesia, including nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) serious heart or lung events.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling at the operated site(s).
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent and varies depending on individual skin and genetic factors.

Specific risks of chest (top) / breast surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Asymmetry in chest contour or nipple–areola position.
• Changes in nipple or skin sensation, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Loss of nipple or areola tissue, particularly if grafting is required.
• Nipple retraction or poor contour.
• Permanent pigment changes in the chest area.
• Unfavourable scarring, including keloid or hypertrophic scars (raised, itchy, or thickened scars).
• Further surgery required (revision) to address contour, scars, or tissue irregularities.
• Persistent lumps due to fat necrosis (dead fat cells forming firm nodules) or small haematomas.
• Loss of skin or tissue due to reduced circulation, sometimes requiring skin grafting.
• Dissatisfaction with the aesthetic result, as outcomes vary between individuals.

Recovery

Recovery after chest (top) / breast surgery varies depending on the surgical technique used and the extent of tissue removal.

Hospital stay:

• Most patients stay in hospital for 1–2 nights.
• Surgical drains may be used to reduce fluid build-up and are usually removed within a few days.

Support at home:

• You will need someone to drive you home and ideally another adult to stay with you during the first 24 hours.

Activity restrictions:

• First 2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to maintain circulation. Avoid heavy lifting, overhead reaching, or strenuous upper-body movement.
• Weeks 2–6: Gradual return to daily activities. Strenuous exercise, swimming, or contact sports should be avoided.
• After 6 weeks: Most patients can resume normal activity, although complete recovery may take several months.

Garments:

• A compression garment or supportive dressing is usually required for 4–6 weeks to help reduce swelling and support healing.

Bruising, swelling, and pain:

• Bruising and swelling typically peak within the first week, improving gradually over 2–4 weeks.
• Some firmness, numbness, or altered sensation may persist for several months.
• A tailored pain relief plan will be provided and adjusted if needed.

Scarring:

• Incisions are usually made around the areola, along the chest contour, or in the inframammary fold, depending on the technique.
• Scars are permanent but generally fade over 12–18 months. Their final appearance varies with individual healing.

Follow-up:

• Regular reviews are required to monitor wound healing, assess scars, and guide safe return to activities.
• Any concerns such as fever, increasing redness, swelling, or discharge should be promptly assessed.

Abdominoplasty

Abdominoplasty (tummy tuck surgery) is a procedure to remove excess skin and fat from the abdominal region. In some cases, it also involves tightening of the abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis) if they have separated (rectus diastasis). Several techniques exist:

• Mini abdominoplasty – involves removal of a smaller amount of skin from the lower abdomen, without repositioning the umbilicus (belly button).
• Full abdominoplasty – removes a larger area of skin and fat, often includes repositioning the umbilicus, and usually involves tightening of abdominal muscles.
• Extended abdominoplasty – includes the removal of skin and fat extending beyond the abdomen to the flanks or lower back.
• Fleur-de-lis abdominoplasty – uses both horizontal and vertical incisions to address excess skin both up-and-down and side-to-side, most often considered in people following significant weight loss.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, abdominoplasty carries risks, even when performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible to outline every potential complication, but it is important that you are aware of both the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications so that you can carefully weigh the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Factors such as smoking, obesity, diabetes, poor circulation, and other medical conditions increase the risk of complications. Risks specific to your circumstances will be discussed during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from the operated site, sometimes requiring transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection requiring antibiotics or further surgical treatment.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (blood clot beneath the skin) requiring drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Complications from anaesthesia, including nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) more serious heart or lung problems.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling.
• Slow or delayed healing, wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent but varies depending on individual healing factors.

Specific risks of abdominoplasty (all types) include (but are not limited to):

• Seroma (fluid collection under the skin) requiring drainage.
• Infection, sometimes resulting in wound breakdown or need for revision surgery.
• Asymmetry of contour or uneven skin surface.
• Change in sensation or numbness of abdominal skin, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Loss of skin due to reduced circulation, which may require further surgery or skin graft.
• Loss or displacement of the umbilicus (belly button) in procedures where it is repositioned.
• Recurrent laxity or stretching of skin and tissues with time, ageing, or weight change.
• Changes in shape or appearance of pubic hair position.
• Dog-ears (small folds of excess skin at the ends of incisions).
• Prolonged pain or discomfort.
• Extended hospital stay if complications occur.
• Failure to alleviate symptoms such as rash or back pain (if present pre-operatively).
• Need for further surgery (revision or corrective procedures).
• Disappointment with cosmetic outcome.

There can be no guarantees about results, as outcomes vary between individuals. More detailed information is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery following abdominoplasty depends on the type of procedure performed and whether additional procedures are combined.

Hospital stay:

• Mini abdominoplasty – usually 1–2 nights.
• Full, extended, or fleur-de-lis abdominoplasty – usually 3 or more nights, with drains commonly used to reduce fluid build-up.

Drains and dressings:

• Drains, if used, are usually removed before or shortly after discharge.
• Dressings are applied to protect the wounds.
• A compression garment is worn for up to 6 weeks to reduce swelling and support healing.

Recovery timeline:

• First 1–2 weeks: Bruising, swelling, and a sense of abdominal tightness are common, especially if muscle tightening was performed. Gentle walking is encouraged to promote circulation, but avoid bending, lifting, or straining.
• 2–4 weeks: Most patients return to light, desk-based work. Physically demanding jobs require longer leave. Driving may resume once pain allows safe reaction times.
• 4–6 weeks: Swelling gradually improves. Gentle activity increases, but heavy lifting and vigorous exercise should still be avoided.
• 6–12 weeks: Gradual return to unrestricted activity and exercise, as guided by your surgeon.
• 12–18 months: Scars continue to mature, typically fading and softening but never disappearing.

Scars:

• Mini abdominoplasty: shorter horizontal scar above the pubic line.
• Full abdominoplasty: longer scar extending hip to hip, plus scar around the umbilicus.
• Extended / fleur-de-lis: longer scars extending to the flanks or vertically up the midline.
  Scars are permanent and their final appearance varies depending on skin type, healing, and genetics.

Pain management:

• A tailored pain relief plan is provided before discharge. Pain is usually most noticeable in the first week, especially when abdominal muscles have been tightened. Pain steadily improves with recovery.

After significant weight loss, some people are left with excess skin that does not retract, even with diet and exercise. This can occur around the abdomen, arms, thighs, chest, breasts, or back. Post-weight loss surgery (sometimes called body contouring surgery) includes a range of operations designed to remove excess skin and reshape underlying tissue. The specific procedure—or combination of procedures—recommended will depend on your individual goals, body type, and clinical circumstances.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, post-weight loss surgery carries risks, even when performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible to outline every potential complication, but it is important to be aware of the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications.

Your individual risk will depend on factors such as your overall health, smoking status, body weight, medical history, and the type and extent of surgery performed. Risks particularly relevant to your situation will be discussed in detail during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding at the operated site, sometimes requiring transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or additional surgical treatment.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (a collection of blood beneath the skin), which may require drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Anaesthetic complications such as nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) more serious events.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling.
• Slow or delayed wound healing, or wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent, with its appearance influenced by skin type, genetics, and healing response.

Risks specific to post-weight loss surgery vary by procedure (abdominoplasty, circumferential body lift, arm lift, thigh lift, breast lift, or others). These may include:

• Contour irregularities or asymmetry.
• Change in skin or nipple sensation (temporary or permanent).
• Recurrence of skin laxity with time, ageing, or further weight change.
• Seroma (fluid collection under the skin).
• Skin or tissue loss from reduced circulation, occasionally requiring grafts.
• Prolonged swelling, discolouration, or discomfort.
• Dog-ears (small folds of skin at incision ends).
• Disappointment with cosmetic outcome, as results vary between individuals.
• Need for further surgery (revision or corrective procedures).

There can be no guarantee of outcome, as results vary between individuals. More information is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery after post-weight loss surgery depends on the number and type of procedures performed, your general health, and the extent of skin removal.

Hospital stay:

• Some procedures (e.g. arm lift or breast lift) may require 1–2 nights in hospital.
• More extensive surgery (e.g. circumferential body lift, abdominoplasty, or multiple combined procedures) may require several nights.

Time off work:

• Light, desk-based work may be possible after 2 weeks for smaller procedures.
• More extensive procedures may require 3–6 weeks before resuming work. Physically demanding roles require longer recovery.

Activity and exercise:

• Gentle walking is encouraged within the first week to aid circulation.
• Heavy lifting, strenuous exercise, and overhead or twisting movements should be avoided for at least 4–6 weeks, and sometimes longer.
• A gradual return to normal activity, including exercise, may take 6–12 weeks depending on surgery type and healing progress.

Garments and wound care:

• Compression garments or bandages are usually worn for 6 weeks to reduce swelling and support healing.
• Surgical drains may be placed and are usually removed before or shortly after discharge.
• Dressings are checked and changed at follow-up visits.

Scars:

• Incisions are placed in areas where scars can be concealed under clothing when possible.
• Scar length and position vary depending on the procedure (e.g. around the abdomen, along the inner arms or thighs, or across the breast crease).
• Scars fade and soften over 12–18 months but remain permanent.

Pain management:

• A tailored pain relief plan will be created before discharge.
• Pain and discomfort are usually most noticeable in the first week, with improvement over subsequent weeks.
• If pain increases during recovery, this may indicate a complication and will require review.

Brachioplasty, also known as an arm lift or arm reduction, is a surgical procedure designed to remove loose skin and, in some cases, excess fat from the upper arms. This surgery is often considered by people who have experienced significant weight loss, age-related skin changes, or genetic predisposition to laxity in the upper arm region. The goal is to reduce excess tissue, improve comfort, and refine arm contour, although outcomes vary between individuals.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, brachioplasty carries risks despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible for any surgeon to outline every potential side effect or rare complication. However, it is important to be aware of both the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications, so that you can make an informed decision about whether surgery is right for you.

Your individual risk will depend on your health, smoking status, body weight, medical history, and healing capacity. Risks specific to you will be discussed during your consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding at the surgical site, which may require transfusion or further treatment.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or further surgery.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptic solutions, or medications.
• Haematoma (blood clot under the skin), which may require drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Risks related to general anaesthesia, including nausea, sore throat, or rarely, more serious events such as heart attack or stroke.
• Scarring, which is permanent, though scar visibility and quality vary between individuals.

Specific risks of brachioplasty may include:

• Significant or unfavourable scarring, including widened, raised, or pigmented scars.
• Seroma (fluid accumulation beneath the skin).
• Asymmetry of contour between arms.
• Swelling or development of lymphoedema.
• Altered or reduced sensation in the skin of the upper arm, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Circulatory problems or tissue loss in areas of compromised blood supply.
• Recurrent laxity of the skin over time.
• Contour irregularities, “dog-ears” (excess skin at the scar ends), or displacement of the axilla.
• Changes in arm or underarm hair distribution.
• Unsatisfactory result or disappointment with appearance, as results vary between individuals.
• Pain that may persist beyond the usual recovery period.
• Requirement for revision surgery or further treatment, which may extend recovery.
• Extended hospital stay in cases of complication.
• Loss of skin from poor circulation, sometimes requiring further surgery or skin grafting.
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolus (PE).
• Allergic reactions to suture material, dressings, or topical products.

There can be no guarantees about surgical outcomes.

Further information about brachioplasty, including risks, is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery after brachioplasty varies depending on the extent of surgery, your overall health, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time.

• Hospital stay: Most patients require 1–2 nights in hospital. Surgical drains may be inserted to prevent fluid build-up; these are usually removed within a few days.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home and, ideally, to stay with you during the first 24 hours after discharge.
• Time off work: Between 2–4 weeks off work is usually recommended, depending on the nature of your job. People with physically demanding roles may need a longer break.
• Activity restrictions:
  • 0–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged. Avoid lifting, stretching, or using the arms for weight-bearing.
  • 2–6 weeks: Gradual return to light activities; continue avoiding heavy lifting or strenuous activity.
  • 6+ weeks: Most people can resume unrestricted activity, but return to exercise should be guided by surgeon clearance.
• Compression garment: A supportive garment should be worn for 6 weeks. This helps control swelling, supports healing tissues, and assists with scar maturation.
• Bruising and swelling: These usually peak in the first week, with most subsiding within 2–6 weeks. Residual swelling may persist for several months.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief program will be provided before discharge. Discomfort is most noticeable in the first week and gradually improves.
• Scars: Incisions are generally placed along the inner aspect of the upper arm. Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. Their appearance depends on individual healing and genetic tendencies.

Follow-up appointments will be scheduled to monitor wound healing, assess recovery progress, and guide when normal activities can safely resume. Any concerning symptoms (increasing pain, redness, swelling, discharge, or fever) should be reviewed promptly.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

A thigh lift (also called thigh reduction or thighplasty) is a surgical procedure that removes loose skin and, in some cases, excess fat from the upper thigh. This surgery is most commonly considered after significant weight loss, ageing, or when skin elasticity in the thigh area is reduced. The aim is to remove redundant tissue and improve comfort and contour, though results vary between individuals.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, thigh lift surgery carries risks, even when performed to the highest standards. It is not possible to outline every potential side effect or rare complication. However, it is important to understand the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications, so that you can carefully weigh the benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Your personal risk will depend on your medical history, body weight, smoking status, skin quality, and general health. These will be discussed with you during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from the surgical site, sometimes requiring a blood transfusion.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or further surgery.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Haematoma (collection of blood under the skin), which may need drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling.
• Slow wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Short-term nausea or other anaesthetic-related issues (such as sore throat or dizziness).
• Scarring, which is permanent. The appearance of scars depends on individual factors such as skin type, genetics, and healing.

Specific risks of thigh lift surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Asymmetry in thigh contour.
• Altered skin sensation or numbness, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Lymphoedema (persistent swelling due to fluid build-up).
• Seroma (fluid accumulation beneath the skin).
• Prolonged or severe pain.
• Recurrent skin laxity over time.
• Changes in leg or pubic contour, including displacement of the vulva/labia.
• Problems with skin or tissue circulation, which may lead to tissue loss and require further surgery or skin grafting.
• Loss or change in appearance of the umbilicus if combined with other lower body procedures.
• Unsatisfactory or disappointing cosmetic result, as results vary between individuals.
• Need for revision surgery or further treatment.
• Extended hospital stay if complications occur.
• Deep vein thrombosis (clot in the legs) or pulmonary embolus (clot in the lungs).
• Allergic reactions to tapes, sutures, or topical products.

There can be no guarantees regarding outcome, as healing and final results vary between individuals.

Further information about thigh lift surgery and its risks can be found from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS).

Recovery

Recovery following a thigh lift varies depending on the extent of the surgery, the incision pattern used, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time.

• Hospital stay: Most patients stay several nights in hospital. Surgical drains may be placed to remove excess fluid and are generally removed within a few days.
• Support at home: You will need someone to drive you home and ideally assist you during the first few days.
• Time off work: Between 2–6 weeks is usually recommended, depending on the complexity of the surgery and the type of work you do. Physically demanding jobs may require a longer break.
• Compression garment: A supportive garment or bandaging must be worn for about 6 weeks. This helps reduce swelling, provides comfort, and supports the surgical site during healing.
• Bruising and swelling: Peak in the first week and generally improve over 2–6 weeks. Mild swelling may persist for several months.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief plan will be provided before discharge and adjusted if needed. Pain usually improves within days to weeks but can sometimes persist longer.
• Activity restrictions:
  • 0–2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to promote circulation. Avoid stretching, lifting, or vigorous leg movements.
  • 2–6 weeks: Gradual increase in activity, but avoid strenuous exercise or heavy lifting until cleared.
  • 6–12 weeks: Return to most normal activities, including exercise, guided by your surgeon.
• Scars: Incisions are typically placed along the groin crease, sometimes extending down the inner thigh. Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. Their appearance depends on individual healing and skin type.

Regular follow-up appointments will be scheduled to monitor your recovery, manage dressings, and review healing progress. Any concerns such as increasing pain, redness, swelling, discharge, or fever should be reviewed promptly.

Please see page for information associated with this surgery.

After significant weight loss, some people are left with redundant skin and tissue around the abdomen, flanks, lower back, and buttocks. A belt lipectomy (also referred to as a body lift or circumferential abdominoplasty) is a surgical procedure that removes this excess skin and may reposition and tighten underlying tissues. This surgery is generally considered when skin elasticity is reduced and when loose tissue causes discomfort, hygiene issues, or difficulties with clothing.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, a belt lipectomy carries risks despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible for any surgeon to outline every potential complication, but it is important to understand the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications.

Your individual risk will depend on your medical history, weight, smoking status, skin quality, and general health. Risks specific to your circumstances will be discussed during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from the operated site, which may require blood transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or additional surgical treatment.
• Allergic reactions to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Formation of a haematoma (blood clot under the skin) requiring drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which can be life-threatening.
• Complications related to anaesthesia, such as nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) serious cardiac or respiratory problems.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling around the surgical area.
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Scarring, which is permanent. The extent and quality of scars are influenced by genetics, skin type, and healing.
• Increased risk of complications if smoking, nicotine use, obesity, or significant medical problems are present.
• Interaction of prescription, over-the-counter, herbal, or recreational substances with anaesthesia and healing.

Specific risks of belt lipectomy / circumferential abdominoplasty may include (but are not limited to):

• Bleeding / haematoma requiring further surgery.
• Infection, which may compromise wound healing.
• Seroma (fluid collection beneath the skin) requiring drainage.
• Altered skin sensation, including numbness of the abdominal wall, thighs, or genital area.
• Asymmetry or uneven contour of the trunk or buttocks.
• Residual skin laxity at the ends of incisions.
• Loss or displacement of the umbilicus (belly button).
• Changes in pubic hairline or genital contour.
• Skin discolouration, prolonged swelling, or firmness due to fat necrosis (loss of fatty tissue under the skin).
• Loss of skin from insufficient circulation, which may require grafting.
• Wound separation or failure to close properly.
• Persistent swelling in the legs or development of lymphoedema.
• Extended hospital stay or prolonged recovery if complications occur.
• Pulmonary embolism or DVT (blood clots).
• Permanent scars, which may be raised, stretched, pigmented, asymmetrical, or have “dog ears” (folds of excess tissue at incision ends).
• Need for revision surgery or further procedures.
• Dissatisfaction with aesthetic outcome, as results vary between individuals.

There can be no guarantee of outcome with any surgery. Results depend on healing response, skin quality, lifestyle, and genetics.

Further information is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) about body lift procedures, including possible risks and considerations.

Recovery

Recovery following a belt lipectomy varies depending on the extent of surgery, whether additional procedures are performed, and individual health factors.

• Hospital stay: Several nights in hospital are usually required. Surgical drains may be placed to remove excess fluid and are generally removed before or shortly after discharge.
• Time off work: Between 3–6 weeks is commonly recommended. People in physically demanding jobs may need a longer recovery period.
• Compression garment: You will be required to wear a supportive garment or bandages for at least 6 weeks. This helps reduce swelling, supports the healing tissues, and provides comfort.
• Bruising and swelling: Peak in the first week and usually improve over 2–6 weeks. Residual swelling may persist for several months.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief program will be provided before discharge. Pain and discomfort are expected in the first weeks but usually improve steadily. If pain increases rather than improves, this may indicate a complication and should be reviewed.
• Activity restrictions:
  • First 2 weeks: Limited mobility; gentle walking is encouraged to aid circulation.
  • Weeks 2–6: Gradual return to light activities. Heavy lifting, bending, or vigorous exercise should be avoided.
  • After 6 weeks: Gradual return to normal activity, guided by follow-up assessments.
• Scars: Incisions typically extend around the circumference of the lower torso, just above the pubic line and buttocks. Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. Their final appearance depends on factors such as healing, genetics, and adherence to scar care advice.

Regular follow-up appointments are required to monitor wound healing, review garments, and guide when activity can safely resume. Any concerns such as increasing pain, swelling, redness, fever, or fluid discharge should be promptly reviewed.

In some circumstances, abdominoplasty may be performed in combination with breast procedures such as reduction mammaplasty (breast reduction), mastopexy (breast lift), or augmentation mammaplasty (breast augmentation). Performing more than one procedure in the same surgical session is only considered when it is clinically appropriate and safe to do so.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, combined breast and abdominal surgery carries risks, despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not possible for any surgeon to outline every potential complication, but it is important that you are informed of the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications, so that you can carefully weigh the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Your individual risk depends on factors such as your general health, smoking status, weight, past medical history, and the type and duration of surgery. Risks specific to you will be discussed in detail during your consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from the surgical site, which may require transfusion or further surgery.
• Infection, which may require antibiotics or additional surgical intervention.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Formation of a haematoma (blood clot under the skin), requiring drainage.
• Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or lungs (pulmonary embolism), which may be life-threatening.
• Complications associated with anaesthesia, including nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) more serious events such as cardiac or respiratory issues.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling around the operated sites.
• Delayed or slow wound healing.
• Permanent scarring, with the final appearance influenced by genetics, skin type, and healing response.
• Increased risk of complications with smoking, nicotine use, obesity, or other medical conditions.
• Interaction of medications (prescription, over-the-counter, or herbal) or recreational substances with anaesthesia and recovery.
• No guarantee of outcome; surgical results vary between individuals.

Specific risks of combined surgery may include (but are not limited to):

• Higher risk of blood clots (DVT/PE) due to the longer duration of combined operations.
• Delayed wound healing, particularly if incisions from both breast and abdominal surgery are under tension.
• Increased swelling, bruising, and discomfort compared to a single procedure.
• Greater chance of wound breakdown or infection.
• Seroma (fluid collection) in the abdomen or breast, requiring drainage.
• Asymmetry of breast or abdominal contour.
• Loss or change in nipple or skin sensation.
• Potential displacement or loss of the umbilicus (belly button) during abdominoplasty.
• Firmness, fat necrosis, or uneven contour in the breasts or abdomen.
• Revision surgery if complications arise or if scars, asymmetries, or contour irregularities are not satisfactory.
• Extended recovery period compared with single-site surgery.

Risks that are specific to each type of procedure (abdominoplasty, breast reduction, breast augmentation, mastopexy, or augmentation mastopexy) are outlined separately in their own sections.

Further information is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS), which provides patient resources about individual procedures and their risks.

Recovery

Recovery following combined breast and abdominal surgery varies depending on the type and extent of procedures performed, your health, and whether additional surgery is undertaken at the same time.

• Hospital stay: Several nights in hospital are generally required to monitor your recovery, especially after longer combined operations. Surgical drains may be placed in the breast and/or abdominal area to reduce fluid build-up, usually removed before or shortly after discharge.
• Time off work: Between 2–4 weeks off work is often recommended. People with physically demanding jobs may require a longer recovery period.
• Compression/support garments: You will be required to wear a supportive surgical bra and/or an abdominal compression garment for 4–6 weeks to reduce swelling, provide support, and aid healing.
• Bruising and swelling: These usually peak in the first week, then gradually improve over 2–6 weeks. Mild swelling may persist for several months.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief program will be created before discharge. Pain and discomfort are expected in the early stages but should improve steadily. If pain worsens rather than improves, this may signal a complication and should be promptly reviewed.
• Activity restrictions:
  • First 2 weeks: Gentle walking is encouraged to maintain circulation. Avoid lifting, bending, or straining.
  • Weeks 2–6: Gradual return to light activities. Strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, or overhead reaching should be avoided until cleared by your surgeon.
  • After 6 weeks: Many people resume most activities, but return to full fitness or contact sport may take 8–12 weeks.
• Scarring: The number and placement of scars will vary depending on the procedures performed. For example, abdominoplasty scars usually extend from hip to hip and around the umbilicus, while breast surgery may involve scars around the areola, vertically down the breast, and/or in the breast crease. Scars are permanent but usually fade and soften over 12–18 months. Their final appearance depends on skin type, healing, and adherence to scar management advice.
• Follow-up: Regular post-operative reviews are required to check healing, remove sutures or drains if needed, and confirm when activity can be safely increased.

Please see page for information associated with this surgery.

Blepharoplasty (upper eyelid surgery) is a procedure that removes excess skin and sometimes underlying muscle or fat from the upper eyelid. It may be considered to improve functional symptoms such as drooping eyelid skin that obstructs vision, eyelid heaviness contributing to headaches or eye strain, or chronic eyelid irritation. It may also be undertaken for other individual concerns related to eyelid skin changes.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, blepharoplasty carries risks, despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not usual for any surgeon to provide an exhaustive list of all possible side effects or rare complications. However, it is important that you are informed about the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications, so you can carefully weigh the potential benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Your individual risk will depend on your health, medical history, smoking status, and other factors. Risks specific to your situation will be discussed in detail during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from an operated site, which may require a blood transfusion.
• Infection that may require antibiotics or, in rare cases, further surgery.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptic solutions, or medications.
• Formation of a haematoma (blood clot under the skin) requiring drainage.
• Complications such as heart attack, pulmonary embolism, or stroke caused by a blood clot, which can be life-threatening.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling at the operated site(s).
• Delayed or slow wound healing.
• Anaesthetic risks, including nausea, sore throat, or (rarely) serious complications affecting the heart or lungs.
• Permanent scarring, with the appearance varying depending on individual genetic and healing factors.
• Increased risk of complications if smoking or nicotine products are used in the 3–4 weeks before and after surgery.
• Effects of medications (including prescriptions, over-the-counter, herbal remedies, supplements, and recreational substances) on surgical and anaesthetic safety.
• No guarantee of outcome, as surgical results vary between individuals.

Risks specific to upper eyelid surgery may include (but are not limited to):

• Temporary blurred vision or double vision.
• Dry eyes, burning, itching, or irritation.
• Excessive tearing or sensitivity to light during early recovery.
• Swelling and bruising that may persist beyond the typical timeframe.
• Difficulty fully closing the eyelids in the early recovery period (usually temporary).
• Decrease or change in eyelid skin sensation.
• Asymmetry in eyelid contour or scarring.
• Tightness of the lids or altered lid position.
• Whitehead formation along incision lines as sutures heal.
• Prolonged or chronic eye dryness (rare).
• Scarring that is more visible than expected.
• Dissatisfaction or disappointment with cosmetic appearance.
• The need for revision surgery if complications occur or results are not satisfactory.
• Rare but significant risks such as damage to deeper eye structures or visual disturbance.

Further information is available from the Australasian Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (ASAPS) regarding blepharoplasty and its potential risks.

Recovery

Recovery after blepharoplasty varies between individuals, depending on healing, health, and whether additional procedures are performed at the same time.

• Hospital stay: Most upper eyelid surgeries are performed as day procedures. You will need another adult to drive you home and ideally stay with you for the first night after surgery.
• Bruising and swelling: Swelling and bruising are expected, typically peaking within 48 hours and improving over 1–2 weeks. Cold compresses and keeping your head elevated (including while sleeping) can help minimise swelling.
• Pain management: Discomfort, tightness, or irritation around the eyes is common in the early stages. A tailored pain relief plan will be created for you and provided before leaving the hospital. Adjustments can be made if your symptoms change.
• Vision and eye comfort: Temporary blurred vision, light sensitivity, or watery eyes are not uncommon in the first days. Artificial tears or lubricating eye drops may be recommended to reduce dryness or irritation.
• Activity:
  • First 1–2 weeks: Avoid strenuous activity, bending forward, heavy lifting, or anything that significantly raises blood pressure. Gentle walking is encouraged to aid circulation.
  • Weeks 2–4: Most people can return to desk-based work and light activities. Strenuous exercise, swimming, and contact sports should still be avoided.
  • After 4–6 weeks: Many normal activities can be resumed, but return to full activity should be guided by your surgeon.
• Dressings and follow-up: Fine sutures are usually removed within 5–7 days. Follow-up appointments will monitor wound healing and address any concerns.
• Scarring: Upper eyelid scars are generally well concealed within the natural eyelid crease. While scars are permanent, they typically fade and become less noticeable over 6–12 months. The final result may take 12–18 months to be fully apparent.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.

Otoplasty, sometimes called ear pinning or ear reshaping surgery, is a procedure designed to change the shape, position, or proportion of the ear. It is most often performed to address ears that protrude more than usual, to improve symmetry, or to correct changes following trauma or previous surgery.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, otoplasty does have risks, despite being performed to the highest standards of practice. It is not usual for any surgeon to outline every rare complication in detail. However, it is important that you have enough information about the more common risks and the less common but potentially serious complications so that you can carefully weigh the benefits, risks, and limitations of surgery.

Factors such as smoking, obesity, and significant medical conditions may increase the chance of complications. There can be no guarantees about the results of any surgery, and outcomes differ between individuals.

General risks of surgery may include, but are not limited to:

• Bleeding or haematoma (blood clot) at the surgical site, sometimes requiring further treatment.
• Infection that may need antibiotics or additional surgery.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptic solutions, or medications.
• Complications related to general anaesthesia (such as nausea or sore throat) and, rarely, more serious medical problems like heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling around the operated site(s).
• Delayed wound healing or wound breakdown.
• Scarring – all surgery leaves scars, and their appearance varies depending on individual healing. While efforts are made to place scars in less visible areas (such as behind the ear), final scar appearance cannot be predicted.

Specific risks of otoplasty may include, but are not limited to:

• Recurrence of ear prominence (ears moving forward again).
• Asymmetry of ear position, contour, or shape.
• Over-correction, resulting in ears sitting too close to the head.
• Discomfort, numbness, or altered sensation of the ears, which may be temporary or permanent.
• Stiffness, firmness, or contour irregularities of the ear cartilage.
• Suture-related problems, such as exposure, granuloma formation, or suture breakage.
• Skin or cartilage infection (perichondritis or chondritis), which is uncommon but can cause more significant changes.
• Dissatisfaction with the cosmetic result, sometimes requiring revision surgery.

Recovery

Recovery from otoplasty varies depending on the extent of surgery and whether one or both ears are treated.

• Hospital stay: Otoplasty is usually performed as a day surgery, although in some cases an overnight stay may be required.
• Dressings and support: After surgery, a head bandage or protective dressing is applied to help maintain the new ear position and protect the sutures. Once this initial bandage is removed (usually after about a week), a lighter supportive headband is often recommended for several weeks, particularly at night, to avoid accidental trauma while sleeping.
• Bruising and swelling: Some bruising, swelling, and discomfort are normal and generally improve within 1–2 weeks. Mild firmness or altered sensation may take longer to resolve.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief program is provided before discharge. Pain is usually well tolerated and tends to improve significantly after the first few days.
• Activity: Light walking is encouraged soon after surgery. Strenuous activities, swimming, contact sports, or wearing helmets and tight headwear should be avoided for at least 4–6 weeks, or until your surgeon advises it is safe. Sleeping on the side should be avoided initially to protect the ears.
• Work and school: Many adults can return to desk-based work within a week, while children often return to school after 1–2 weeks provided they avoid rough play or contact activities.
• Scars: Scars are generally hidden in the crease behind the ear and tend to fade over 12–18 months. While most heal to be discreet, the final appearance cannot be guaranteed.
• Follow-up: Regular reviews will be arranged to monitor healing, remove dressings or sutures if necessary, and guide when it is safe to increase activity.

Rhinoplasty (nose surgery) involves altering or repairing the cartilage and bone of the nose to change its shape, size, or proportions, or in some cases to improve nasal airway function. The procedure may involve adjustments to the bridge, tip, nostrils, or septum depending on individual anatomy and the reason for surgery.

Risks

As with all surgical procedures, rhinoplasty carries risks, even when performed to the highest professional standards in accredited facilities. Complications are possible and can vary depending on the individual, the complexity of the surgery, and factors such as smoking, obesity, or other medical conditions.

It is not usual for a surgeon to outline every possible rare complication in detail, but it is important that you have enough information to understand the more common risks as well as the less common but potentially serious complications. Your own risk profile will be discussed during consultation.

General risks of surgery include (but are not limited to):

• Heavy bleeding from the operated site, which may require further surgery or transfusion.
• Infection, sometimes requiring antibiotics or additional treatment.
• Allergic reaction to sutures, dressings, antiseptics, or medications.
• Formation of a haematoma (blood clot) beneath the skin requiring drainage.
• Blood clots such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism, which may be life-threatening.
• Adverse anaesthetic events, ranging from nausea and sore throat to rare but serious complications such as cardiac or respiratory issues.
• Pain, bruising, and swelling.
• Delayed or slow wound healing.
• Permanent scarring, which varies with individual genetic factors and skin type.
• No guarantee of outcome; results differ between individuals.

Specific risks of rhinoplasty may include (but are not limited to):

• Persistent or recurrent bleeding.
• Infection that may lead to additional procedures or reconstruction.
• Asymmetry or irregular contours of the nose.
• Swelling, which can persist for up to 12–18 months, particularly at the nasal tip.
• Changes in skin sensation, including numbness or hypersensitivity (temporary or permanent).
• Changes in sense of smell (usually temporary but can be permanent).
• Septal perforation (a hole in the nasal septum), which may cause crusting, whistling, or breathing difficulty.
• Altered nasal airway or breathing issues.
• Scarring, which is usually hidden inside the nostrils but can occasionally be visible at the base of the nose if external incisions are required.
• Need for revision surgery, which is not uncommon in rhinoplasty due to the complexity of nasal anatomy.
• Dissatisfaction or disappointment with the cosmetic outcome.

Recovery

Recovery after rhinoplasty varies depending on the surgical technique (open or closed), the extent of correction, and individual healing.

• Hospital stay: Many rhinoplasty procedures are performed with an overnight hospital stay. In complex cases or when combined with septoplasty, admission may be longer.
• Dressings and splints: A firm external nasal splint is usually applied at the completion of surgery to support the new shape of the nose. This is typically worn for around 1–2 weeks. Nasal packing or internal splints may also be used for septal support.
• Swelling and bruising: Bruising and swelling around the eyes and nose are common and generally subside within 1–2 weeks, although some swelling (particularly at the nasal tip) may persist for 12–18 months.
• Pain management: A tailored pain relief program is provided before discharge. Pain is usually mild to moderate and improves significantly after the first few days.
• Activity:
  • First 1–2 weeks: Rest and avoid bending forward, heavy lifting, nose blowing, or activities that raise blood pressure. Gentle walking is encouraged to aid circulation.
  • Weeks 2–6: Gradual return to light daily activities. Avoid strenuous exercise, swimming, or contact sports.
  • After 6 weeks: Most restrictions are lifted, but high-impact sports or activities that risk nasal injury should be avoided until cleared by your surgeon.
• Return to work/social activities: Many people return to desk-based work or non-strenuous duties after 1–2 weeks, depending on bruising, swelling, and comfort with appearance while wearing a splint.
• Scars: Most incisions are placed inside the nostrils and are not visible. In open rhinoplasty or complex cases, a small incision at the base of the nose (columella) may be required. These scars generally fade over 12–18 months but cannot be guaranteed to be invisible.
• Follow-up: Regular post-operative appointments are scheduled to monitor healing, remove splints or sutures, and guide safe return to activities.

Please see page for more information associated with this surgery.